Use the built-in `bun:ffi` module to efficiently call native libraries from JavaScript. It works with languages that support the C ABI (Zig, Rust, C/C++, C#, Nim, Kotlin, etc).

## dlopen usage (`bun:ffi`)

To print the version number of `sqlite3`:

```ts
import { dlopen, FFIType, suffix } from "bun:ffi";

// `suffix` is either "dylib", "so", or "dll" depending on the platform
// you don't have to use "suffix", it's just there for convenience
const path = `libsqlite3.${suffix}`;

const {
  symbols: {
    sqlite3_libversion, // the function to call
  },
} = dlopen(
  path, // a library name or file path
  {
    sqlite3_libversion: {
      // no arguments, returns a string
      args: [],
      returns: FFIType.cstring,
    },
  },
);

console.log(`SQLite 3 version: ${sqlite3_libversion()}`);
```

## Performance

According to [our benchmark](https://github.com/oven-sh/bun/tree/main/bench/ffi), `bun:ffi` is roughly 2-6x faster than Node.js FFI via `Node-API`.

{% image src="/images/ffi.png" height="400" /%}

Bun generates & just-in-time compiles C bindings that efficiently convert values between JavaScript types and native types. To compile C, Bun embeds [TinyCC](https://github.com/TinyCC/tinycc), a small and fast C compiler.

## Usage

### Zig

```zig
// add.zig
pub export fn add(a: i32, b: i32) i32 {
  return a + b;
}
```

To compile:

```bash
$ zig build-lib add.zig -dynamic -OReleaseFast
```

Pass a path to the shared library and a map of symbols to import into `dlopen`:

```ts
import { dlopen, FFIType, suffix } from "bun:ffi";
const { i32 } = FFIType;

const path = `libadd.${suffix}`;

const lib = dlopen(path, {
  add: {
    args: [i32, i32],
    returns: i32,
  },
});

console.log(lib.symbols.add(1, 2));
```

### Rust

```rust
// add.rs
#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a + b
}
```

To compile:

```bash
$ rustc --crate-type cdylib add.rs
```

### C++

```c
#include <cstdint>

extern "C" int32_t add(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
    return a + b;
}
```

To compile:

```bash
$ zig build-lib add.cpp -dynamic -lc -lc++
```

## FFI types

The following `FFIType` values are supported.

| `FFIType`  | C Type         | Aliases                     |
| ---------- | -------------- | --------------------------- |
| buffer     | `char*`        |                             |
| cstring    | `char*`        |                             |
| function   | `(void*)(*)()` | `fn`, `callback`            |
| ptr        | `void*`        | `pointer`, `void*`, `char*` |
| i8         | `int8_t`       | `int8_t`                    |
| i16        | `int16_t`      | `int16_t`                   |
| i32        | `int32_t`      | `int32_t`, `int`            |
| i64        | `int64_t`      | `int64_t`                   |
| i64_fast   | `int64_t`      |                             |
| u8         | `uint8_t`      | `uint8_t`                   |
| u16        | `uint16_t`     | `uint16_t`                  |
| u32        | `uint32_t`     | `uint32_t`                  |
| u64        | `uint64_t`     | `uint64_t`                  |
| u64_fast   | `uint64_t`     |                             |
| f32        | `float`        | `float`                     |
| f64        | `double`       | `double`                    |
| bool       | `bool`         |                             |
| char       | `char`         |                             |
| napi_env   | `napi_env`     |                             |
| napi_value | `napi_value`   |                             |

Note: `buffer` arguments must be a `TypedArray` or `DataView`.

## Strings

JavaScript strings and C-like strings are different, and that complicates using strings with native libraries.

{% details summary="How are JavaScript strings and C strings different?" %}
JavaScript strings:

- UTF16 (2 bytes per letter) or potentially latin1, depending on the JavaScript engine &amp; what characters are used
- `length` stored separately
- Immutable

C strings:

- UTF8 (1 byte per letter), usually
- The length is not stored. Instead, the string is null-terminated which means the length is the index of the first `\0` it finds
- Mutable

{% /details %}

To solve this, `bun:ffi` exports `CString` which extends JavaScript's built-in `String` to support null-terminated strings and add a few extras:

```ts
class CString extends String {
  /**
   * Given a `ptr`, this will automatically search for the closing `\0` character and transcode from UTF-8 to UTF-16 if necessary.
   */
  constructor(ptr: number, byteOffset?: number, byteLength?: number): string;

  /**
   * The ptr to the C string
   *
   * This `CString` instance is a clone of the string, so it
   * is safe to continue using this instance after the `ptr` has been
   * freed.
   */
  ptr: number;
  byteOffset?: number;
  byteLength?: number;
}
```

To convert from a null-terminated string pointer to a JavaScript string:

```ts
const myString = new CString(ptr);
```

To convert from a pointer with a known length to a JavaScript string:

```ts
const myString = new CString(ptr, 0, byteLength);
```

The `new CString()` constructor clones the C string, so it is safe to continue using `myString` after `ptr` has been freed.

```ts
my_library_free(myString.ptr);

// this is safe because myString is a clone
console.log(myString);
```

When used in `returns`, `FFIType.cstring` coerces the pointer to a JavaScript `string`. When used in `args`, `FFIType.cstring` is identical to `ptr`.

## Function pointers

{% callout %}

**Note** — Async functions are not yet supported.

{% /callout %}

To call a function pointer from JavaScript, use `CFunction`. This is useful if using Node-API (napi) with Bun, and you've already loaded some symbols.

```ts
import { CFunction } from "bun:ffi";

let myNativeLibraryGetVersion = /* somehow, you got this pointer */

const getVersion = new CFunction({
  returns: "cstring",
  args: [],
  ptr: myNativeLibraryGetVersion,
});
getVersion();
```

If you have multiple function pointers, you can define them all at once with `linkSymbols`:

```ts
import { linkSymbols } from "bun:ffi";

// getVersionPtrs defined elsewhere
const [majorPtr, minorPtr, patchPtr] = getVersionPtrs();

const lib = linkSymbols({
  // Unlike with dlopen(), the names here can be whatever you want
  getMajor: {
    returns: "cstring",
    args: [],

    // Since this doesn't use dlsym(), you have to provide a valid ptr
    // That ptr could be a number or a bigint
    // An invalid pointer will crash your program.
    ptr: majorPtr,
  },
  getMinor: {
    returns: "cstring",
    args: [],
    ptr: minorPtr,
  },
  getPatch: {
    returns: "cstring",
    args: [],
    ptr: patchPtr,
  },
});

const [major, minor, patch] = [
  lib.symbols.getMajor(),
  lib.symbols.getMinor(),
  lib.symbols.getPatch(),
];
```

## Callbacks

Use `JSCallback` to create JavaScript callback functions that can be passed to C/FFI functions. The C/FFI function can call into the JavaScript/TypeScript code. This is useful for asynchronous code or whenever you want to call into JavaScript code from C.

```ts
import { dlopen, JSCallback, ptr, CString } from "bun:ffi";

const {
  symbols: { search },
  close,
} = dlopen("libmylib", {
  search: {
    returns: "usize",
    args: ["cstring", "callback"],
  },
});

const searchIterator = new JSCallback(
  (ptr, length) => /hello/.test(new CString(ptr, length)),
  {
    returns: "bool",
    args: ["ptr", "usize"],
  },
);

const str = Buffer.from("wwutwutwutwutwutwutwutwutwutwutut\0", "utf8");
if (search(ptr(str), searchIterator)) {
  // found a match!
}

// Sometime later:
setTimeout(() => {
  searchIterator.close();
  close();
}, 5000);
```

When you're done with a JSCallback, you should call `close()` to free the memory.

### Experimental thread-safe callbacks
`JSCallback` has experimental support for thread-safe callbacks. This will be needed if you pass a callback function into a different thread from it's instantiation context. You can enable it with the optional `threadsafe` option flag.
```ts
const searchIterator = new JSCallback(
  (ptr, length) => /hello/.test(new CString(ptr, length)),
  {
    returns: "bool",
    args: ["ptr", "usize"],
    threadsafe: true, // Optional. Defaults to `false`
  },
);
```
Be aware that there are still cases where this does not 100% work.

{% callout %}

**⚡️ Performance tip** — For a slight performance boost, directly pass `JSCallback.prototype.ptr` instead of the `JSCallback` object:

```ts
const onResolve = new JSCallback(arg => arg === 42, {
  returns: "bool",
  args: ["i32"],
});
const setOnResolve = new CFunction({
  returns: "bool",
  args: ["function"],
  ptr: myNativeLibrarySetOnResolve,
});

// This code runs slightly faster:
setOnResolve(onResolve.ptr);

// Compared to this:
setOnResolve(onResolve);
```

{% /callout %}

## Pointers

Bun represents [pointers](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)>) as a `number` in JavaScript.

{% details summary="How does a 64 bit pointer fit in a JavaScript number?" %}
64-bit processors support up to [52 bits of addressable space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit_computing#Limits_of_processors). [JavaScript numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format#IEEE_754_double-precision_binary_floating-point_format:_binary64) support 53 bits of usable space, so that leaves us with about 11 bits of extra space.

**Why not `BigInt`?** `BigInt` is slower. JavaScript engines allocate a separate `BigInt` which means they can't fit into a regular JavaScript value. If you pass a `BigInt` to a function, it will be converted to a `number`
{% /details %}

To convert from a `TypedArray` to a pointer:

```ts
import { ptr } from "bun:ffi";
let myTypedArray = new Uint8Array(32);
const myPtr = ptr(myTypedArray);
```

To convert from a pointer to an `ArrayBuffer`:

```ts
import { ptr, toArrayBuffer } from "bun:ffi";
let myTypedArray = new Uint8Array(32);
const myPtr = ptr(myTypedArray);

// toArrayBuffer accepts a `byteOffset` and `byteLength`
// if `byteLength` is not provided, it is assumed to be a null-terminated pointer
myTypedArray = new Uint8Array(toArrayBuffer(myPtr, 0, 32), 0, 32);
```

To read data from a pointer, you have two options. For long-lived pointers, use a `DataView`:

```ts
import { toArrayBuffer } from "bun:ffi";
let myDataView = new DataView(toArrayBuffer(myPtr, 0, 32));

console.log(
  myDataView.getUint8(0, true),
  myDataView.getUint8(1, true),
  myDataView.getUint8(2, true),
  myDataView.getUint8(3, true),
);
```

For short-lived pointers, use `read`:

```ts
import { read } from "bun:ffi";

console.log(
  // ptr, byteOffset
  read.u8(myPtr, 0),
  read.u8(myPtr, 1),
  read.u8(myPtr, 2),
  read.u8(myPtr, 3),
);
```

The `read` function behaves similarly to `DataView`, but it's usually faster because it doesn't need to create a `DataView` or `ArrayBuffer`.

| `FFIType` | `read` function |
| --------- | --------------- |
| ptr       | `read.ptr`      |
| i8        | `read.i8`       |
| i16       | `read.i16`      |
| i32       | `read.i32`      |
| i64       | `read.i64`      |
| u8        | `read.u8`       |
| u16       | `read.u16`      |
| u32       | `read.u32`      |
| u64       | `read.u64`      |
| f32       | `read.f32`      |
| f64       | `read.f64`      |

### Memory management

`bun:ffi` does not manage memory for you. You must free the memory when you're done with it.

#### From JavaScript

If you want to track when a `TypedArray` is no longer in use from JavaScript, you can use a [FinalizationRegistry](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/FinalizationRegistry).

#### From C, Rust, Zig, etc

If you want to track when a `TypedArray` is no longer in use from C or FFI, you can pass a callback and an optional context pointer to `toArrayBuffer` or `toBuffer`. This function is called at some point later, once the garbage collector frees the underlying `ArrayBuffer` JavaScript object.

The expected signature is the same as in [JavaScriptCore's C API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/javascriptcore/jstypedarraybytesdeallocator?language=objc):

```c
typedef void (*JSTypedArrayBytesDeallocator)(void *bytes, void *deallocatorContext);
```

```ts
import { toArrayBuffer } from "bun:ffi";

// with a deallocatorContext:
toArrayBuffer(
  bytes,
  byteOffset,

  byteLength,

  // this is an optional pointer to a callback
  deallocatorContext,

  // this is a pointer to a function
  jsTypedArrayBytesDeallocator,
);

// without a deallocatorContext:
toArrayBuffer(
  bytes,
  byteOffset,

  byteLength,

  // this is a pointer to a function
  jsTypedArrayBytesDeallocator,
);
```

### Memory safety

Using raw pointers outside of FFI is extremely not recommended. A future version of Bun may add a CLI flag to disable `bun:ffi`.

### Pointer alignment

If an API expects a pointer sized to something other than `char` or `u8`, make sure the `TypedArray` is also that size. A `u64*` is not exactly the same as `[8]u8*` due to alignment.

### Passing a pointer

Where FFI functions expect a pointer, pass a `TypedArray` of equivalent size:

```ts
import { dlopen, FFIType } from "bun:ffi";

const {
  symbols: { encode_png },
} = dlopen(myLibraryPath, {
  encode_png: {
    // FFIType's can be specified as strings too
    args: ["ptr", "u32", "u32"],
    returns: FFIType.ptr,
  },
});

const pixels = new Uint8ClampedArray(128 * 128 * 4);
pixels.fill(254);
pixels.subarray(0, 32 * 32 * 2).fill(0);

const out = encode_png(
  // pixels will be passed as a pointer
  pixels,

  128,
  128,
);
```

The [auto-generated wrapper](https://github.com/oven-sh/bun/blob/6a65631cbdcae75bfa1e64323a6ad613a922cd1a/src/bun.js/ffi.exports.js#L180-L182) converts the pointer to a `TypedArray`.

{% details summary="Hardmode" %}

If you don't want the automatic conversion or you want a pointer to a specific byte offset within the `TypedArray`, you can also directly get the pointer to the `TypedArray`:

```ts
import { dlopen, FFIType, ptr } from "bun:ffi";

const {
  symbols: { encode_png },
} = dlopen(myLibraryPath, {
  encode_png: {
    // FFIType's can be specified as strings too
    args: ["ptr", "u32", "u32"],
    returns: FFIType.ptr,
  },
});

const pixels = new Uint8ClampedArray(128 * 128 * 4);
pixels.fill(254);

// this returns a number! not a BigInt!
const myPtr = ptr(pixels);

const out = encode_png(
  myPtr,

  // dimensions:
  128,
  128,
);
```

{% /details %}

### Reading pointers

```ts
const out = encode_png(
  // pixels will be passed as a pointer
  pixels,

  // dimensions:
  128,
  128,
);

// assuming it is 0-terminated, it can be read like this:
let png = new Uint8Array(toArrayBuffer(out));

// save it to disk:
await Bun.write("out.png", png);
```
